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2.2.1 Normative amplificationDemocratic and autocratic regimes establish fundamentally different normative frameworks. Democracies are built on principles of equality before the law and impartial treatment of citizens (Dahl, 1998). The norm of impartiality—treating citizens equally regardless of their connections or status—is central to the legitimacy of democratic governance (Rothstein and Teorell, 2008; Mungiu-Pippidi, 2015). When officials engage in favoritism or bribery, they betray not just administrative rules but the core promise of democratic governance. This normative amplification means that for individuals living in democracies, corruption signals a fundamental breach of the social contract: if the institutions meant to embody fairness are compromised, why should strangers be trustworthy? (Warren, 2004). In autocracies, by contrast, particularism—the allocation of public goods based on personal connections rather than universal rules—is often the norm rather than the exception (Mungiu-Pippidi, 2006). Corruption is endemic and expected. When individuals perceive corruption in such contexts, it confirms business as usual rather than signaling a breakdown of social order. The psychological link between corruption perceptions and generalized trust is therefore attenuated: corruption is discounted as a survival strategy within a known system (Smith, 2007).，推荐阅读QuickQ首页获取更多信息
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State Grid and Southern Power Grid are set to spend nearly 1 trillion yuan this year, with investment expected to keep rising through the end of the decade. According to Fitch’s Chen, state-owned grid firms tend to have robust balance sheets, which leaves adequate room to take on additional leverage. State Grid’s adjusted funds from operations cover interest expense roughly 14 times, exceeding the single-digit ratios of many overseas power utilities, according to S&P Global Ratings.
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